五種友善環境的方式喝咖啡

之前我寫過「請不要再邀我喝咖啡」 ，讓朋友們知道因為喝咖啡會導致雨林喪失、物種滅絕，所以我不喝咖啡，當然也希望大家節制，甚至同樣不再喝咖啡，來減緩雨林被砍伐殆盡改種咖啡的厄運。

巴西是全球最大的咖啡生產國，咖啡種植面積210萬公頃（21000平方公里，是台灣面積的58%）。去年巴西咖啡產量是3947萬袋(每袋咖啡60公斤)，巴西農業部在1月預估今（2010）年將收獲4589萬袋到4866萬袋咖啡，創歷史新高。另外主要咖啡生產國越南、印尼和哥倫比亞今年咖啡年產量預計分別為1650萬袋，935萬袋和810萬袋。這些國家都是雨林豐盛、自然資源豐富、生物多樣性高的地方，但因為現在全世界瘋咖啡（台灣尤其瘋），因此就有許多森林倒下，換成咖啡園。種咖啡跟賣咖啡的商人都賺錢，而星巴克、85℃、7-11或全家超商更是「卯死」了，但他們賺的是破壞生態環境的錢，賺的是會讓地球升溫2℃的錢。

這麼說難道就要大家都拒絕喝咖啡嗎？是的，如果您跟我一樣可以堅決的向咖啡說「不」，那就一起拒絕咖啡。但我知道這是絕大多數朋友都沒辦法做到的事，因為太多人受不了咖啡香的誘惑，或是已經中了咖啡癮，沒喝就渾身不對勁，鎮日無神，好可憐哪！

近日，網路上有一篇文章，建議人們可以五種友善環境的方式喝咖啡，如果是友善環境的，而且對當地農人（健康與經濟）是有幫助的，就是可以永續利用的，就可以買來喝，那我也可以開戒了。

我將這篇文章摘譯如下，希望朋友們買咖啡時，看看廠商賣的咖啡是否為「有機咖啡」、「公平交易咖啡」（如美國公平交易協會認證）或「樹蔭咖啡」」（如國際雨林聯盟的認證），有的就買（點）來喝，沒的就拒買，給雀巢等咖啡食品大廠或星巴克、85℃、7-11、全家超商等連鎖咖啡賣店一些壓力，好改善咖啡生產國的生態環境。而在買以上咖啡時，自備杯子或泡咖啡的殘渣再利用，做到這幾點，您喝咖啡時也才不會成為破壞熱帶雨林的幫兇。

 五種友善環境的方式喝咖啡

1.有機

經過有機認證的咖啡或茶葉，就是友善生態的產品，因為產製過程都沒有化學毒物，可以有效保護敏感的生態系，同時讓農人避免農藥或除草劑的毒害（由空氣中吸入或飲用受毒滲入的地下水）。

2.公平交易

公平交易的概念是：價格公道、永續環境、公平的勞動條件（業主不剝削勞工）、直接交易（不經盤商剝削）、民主透明的組織運作、有益社區發展。公平交易的事業不必以割喉戰取得所有利潤。公平交易讓消費者及生產者在良心與錢包間倆全。公平交易是環保的、是人道的，是目標一致的。美國自2000年到2005年，公平交易額度從5千萬增加到5億美元。

美國公平交易協會認證標章

3.樹蔭栽種

樹蔭栽種的咖啡是將咖啡樹種在較稀疏的闊葉林下，既保全樹林，又讓咖啡有日照。這種咖啡園規模較小，也是傳統的耕作方法（即非大規模農場的生產方式）。購買樹蔭咖啡，就是鼓勵咖啡農回歸傳統耕作方式，減少化肥、避免土地酸化、不用或少用農藥，並且促進環境的生物多樣性。

國際雨林聯盟認證標章

4.自備咖啡杯

根據統計，美國每年消耗1千億個咖啡杯，其中160億個是拋棄式（一次性）紙（或塑膠）杯。這些杯子疊起來可以繞地球五圈，重量達9億磅（約408,233,133公斤），約當927架的波音747飛機（最輕型重約735000磅、334000公斤）。所以到店裡買咖啡時，帶自己的杯子吧。

5.渣滓再利用

咖啡殘渣可以用來驅蚊蟲、消除異味、護髮以及堆肥。咖啡渣滓的碳、氮比例約為20：1，堆肥時加入咖啡殘渣（氮素）可以啟動發酵或減少對碳素豐富的「棕色材料」（堆肥材料的俚稱，有棕色與綠色二類）如樹枝、廢紙、紙板的需求。 

5 Ways to Value a Cup of Coffee

（source:https://planetgreen.discovery.com/food-health/fivevalue-cup-coffee.html?campaign=daily_nl） 

1. Organic

“Coffee and tea that bear organic certification are more eco-friendly,” writes Jacob Gordon, “because they are grown and processed without toxic chemicals, are cultivated and harvested in ways that protect sensitive ecosystems, and spare workers from exposure to harmful pesticides and herbicides.” The use of pesticides not only turns coffee into a toxic brew, it also threatens workers on coffee plantations. Statistics can be scarce from so-called Third World countries but some incidents are documented; for example, more than 200 people became sick from drinking water contaminated with agricultural pesticides and fertilizers in the western Mexican state of Jalisco and the Pesticide Action Network North America (PANNA) reported more than 200 human poisonings and four deaths were attributed to endosulfan use in Colombia.

2. Fair Trade

Fair Trade refers to actively putting the concepts of “fair price, environmental sustainability, fair labor conditions, direct trade, democratic and transparent organizations, and community development” into everyday action. News flash: Business interactions don’t have to be entirely about maximizing profit through cutthroat competition. The growing fair trade movement gives consumers and activists the powerful choice to vote with their hearts and their wallets. Fair Trade is green, it’s humane, and it’s unifying. Fair Trade coffee sales in the US, increased from $50 million to $500 million between the years 2000 and 2005. 

3. Shade Grown

According to the Northwest Shade Coffee Campaign, shade grown coffee is “grown under a canopy of diverse species of shade trees, often on small farms using traditional techniques.” Perhaps coffee is not the first thing that comes to mind when greening our lives, but as Grounds for Change reminds us: “By purchasing shade grown coffee, you send a message to coffee farmers that there is economic viability in returning to traditional methods of coffee cultivation.” Shade-grown coffee requires less fertilizer, prevents soil erosion, requires fewer or zero pesticides, and promotes biodiversity.

4. A Mug of Your Own

“Americans drink more than 100 billion cups of coffee every year, 16 billion of which are purchased in disposable paper cups,” writes Molly Smith. “Placed end-to-end, these cups would wrap around the Earth five times and weigh around 900 million pounds, equal to the combined weight of 927,747 airplanes.” Suggestion: WeAreHappyToServeYou cups. Say goodbye to disposable coffee cups and hello to your very own ceramic symbol of New York. Graham Hill, the man with the plan behind our sibling site, TreeHugger, is the mastermind of these ingenious mugs. 

5. Re-Purposed

Cara Smusiak suggests a few ways to re-use your coffee grounds. For example: keep away unwanted insects, eliminate odors, condition your hair, and of course, add to your compost pile. Emma Cooper sez: “The carbon to nitrogen ration of coffee grounds is around 20:1, which means that it adds a nitrogen boost to your heap that can kick-start the composting process or compensate for a lot of carbon-rich ‘brown’ materials (woody plant stems, crumpled paper or cardboard).”